The Art of the Algorithm

Spring 2007
UGA Research Magazine

The Art of the Algorithm
by Laurie Anderson

Recent visitors to an outdoor art installation in Athens, GA, probably didn’t know they were looking at the visual expression of a math concept. The eight-foot cubic sculpture, standing in an outdoor courtyard, held life-size models of pigeons scattered within a series of nested aluminum frames. It looked more like a comment on man and nature than an algorithmic process. It was, however, created by UGA mathematician Jason Cantarella and his brother Luke, a scenic designer, to illustrate the mathematical concept of the octant-tree, or octree.

An octree is a method for dividing a collection of points in space into smaller and smaller groups, organized by their location, said Cantarella. The boxes formed by the frames divide the birds into up-down, left-right and front-back groups. An observer can locate groups of the birds or individual birds quickly by referring to their placement within particular frames, more quickly than if the birds were freely suspended in mid-air. The brothers playfully dubbed their creation a flocktree.

As the number of things in an area increases, it gets more difficult to separate them into groups, pointed out Cantarella. Imagine that you’re watching a park fill up with people waiting for an outdoor concert. At first, they arrive in parties of three or four and it’s easy to for your eye to group them together: the couple sitting a little apart from everyone, the noisy gaggle of teenagers, the parents with small children. But as the park gets more crowded, it gets more difficult to keep the groups separated, and eventually you find yourself just looking at a mass of crowd, every so often zooming in on someone who stands out in some way. Somewhere in the middle of this process there’s a really interesting density at which you still want to group the things you’re looking at, but there isn’t an obvious way to do it.

The flocktree presents one such arrangement, said Cantarella”a flock of pigeons, frozen in position”and asks the viewer to make sense of it visually. Is the very logical, understandable way of grouping the birds indicated by the aluminum cages really satisfying to your eye? asks the mathematician. For me, the boxes are something of a tease”it’s clear that they aren’t random, but I have to think about how they are placed!

Octree-based algorithms and their descendents have been useful in developing efficient computer codes. Cantarella and mathematics doctoral student Ted Ashton recently used such an algorithm to build part of a program they created with Eric Rawdon of the University of St. Thomas and Michael Piatek of the University of Washington. The program, called RidgeRunner, is the first of its kind to model and visualize the tightening of knots, said Cantarella. The program can find the smallest length at which any given knot can exist. This minimal length shape is known as a tight knot.

Cantarella and his students are using it to help physicists Thomas Kephart of Vanderbilt University and Roman Buniy of the University of Oregon study subatomic particles called glueballs, which they theorize form as very tight flux knots.

Glueballs appear to form like a very turbulent flow of water, like water you’d see in a blender swirling in a particular intercrossing way, explained Cantarella. A knotted path of this energy flow, or flux, is what Kephart and Buniy are detecting.

The length of time glueballs exist appears to correspond to their level of complexity, which in turn appears to relate directly to the complexity of various tight knots, said Kephart. The energy level itself is what we are identifying with knot type. If correct, scientists will be able to predict glueball masses, added Kephart, because these masses correspond to knot lengths found by the RidgeRunner program.

As with the flocktree, the math behind the knot-tightening creates striking visuals, too.

One of the frustrations of being a scientist is that you’re surrounded by ideas that are just beautiful, but it’s very difficult to share them with anyone else, said Cantarella.

Interestingly, not many people who see the flocktree installation seem concerned with the science, he said of the project, which was funded in part by a grant from Ideas for Creative Exploration (ICE), an interdisciplinary initiative for advanced research in the arts at the University of Georgia. When viewers discover how the framework can be used to organize the pigeons, though, Cantarella observed, they are pleasantly surprised.

The flocktree was our way to take an idea that makes immediate sense to computer programmers and try to make it meaningful in a larger context. In that sense, the algorithm was art before we started our work.

Hamletmachine

The world of the status quo gets trashed before our very eyes, turning the world of Hamlet upside down, inside out, and bass-ackward. Leave your expectations at the door as the actor playing Hamlet encounters his digital doppelganger in Müller’s deconstruction of modern reality. A Department of Theatre and Film Studies Interactive Performance Laboratory production featuring interactive 3D computer animation, supported in part by an ICE Project Grant awarded to Michelle Smith, PhD candidate, Theatre and Film Studies. 

Smith creates 3-D computer models and an artificial intelligence framework for the virtual actor, and a wireless “acting glove” for a live actor to use to interact with the virtual actor. The project support Smith’s dissertation research on granting agency to media on the live stage, and involves students and faculty in the Interactive Performance Lab at UGA.

The ICE-man cometh

February 6, 2007
Franklin College of Arts and Sciences
link to original article 

The ICE-man cometh: Franklin’s David Zucker Saltz takes over as director of cutting-edge art consortium at UGA

By Philip Lee Williams

Athens, Ga. – What is art? You have thirty seconds to define it. Ready? Go.

Don’t feel bad if you are spluttering and backpedaling. After all, it takes The American Heritage Dictionary nearly 160 words to do it, and its editors must have been thinking about it for years. (To be fair, it takes that book’s editors almost 50 words to define polytetrafluoroethylene, which, in its short version, is “A waxy, opaque-white thermoplastic resin.”)

None of this makes David Zucker Saltz’s job as new head of UGA’s Ideas for Creative Exploration (ICE) effort any less fun or, in truth, easier. Saltz (at right), also head of the department of theatre and film studies in the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, has been happily in charge of ICE since fall semester began in 2006. Add to that his teaching duties and his recent appointment as coeditor of the prestigious Theatre Journal, and it’s a wonder the man has time to sit down with a journalist and chat.

But he takes the time, and on this pleasant January morning, Saltz sits in his large, crammed-to-the-gunwales office in the Fine Arts Building. The room could be a theatre set, bursting with a Saltz’s life work as a director, teacher, writer and editor. He fits the space nicely, though, a thin, bespectacled, curly-haired man who looks much younger than his age.

His schedule is, in a word, berserk. Even though he devotes his whole attention to a visitor, you can almost see him working five moves ahead, like a master chess player. That’s why it might be surprising that he added, with obvious eagerness, the directorship of ICE to his plate.

“ICE isn’t exactly a program,” he says, sitting on the edge of his chair as an actor might. “It’s more of a special-interest, group-project facility.” He smiles. That’s not exactly right, and he knows it, but in truth, ICE is the gleam on the cutting edge of UGA interdisciplinary art projects. Since its founding in 1999, it has supported art projects that don’t fit easily in any department or single artistic discipline.

The ICE web site is more concise than The American Heritage Dictionary might be in describing the project: “Ideas for Creative Exploration promotes innovative, interdisciplinary creative projects and advanced research in the arts. ICE is a catalyst for collaborative studio work and critical discourse that brings together artists, scholars and students in the arts and other disciplines across campus. The ICE structure supports the creative use of technology from both a practical and theoretical perspective and moves the results of those explorations into the world in the form of publications, performances and exhibitions.”

And yet, that doesn’t quite catch the quirky, refreshing and often provocative nature of what comes out of ICE. In one recent project, put together through ICE, UGA math professor Jason Cantarella and his brother, artist and scenic designer Luke Hegel-Cantarella, created a mathematical sculpture called The Flocktree, which was mounted in the courtyard of a building in Athens. The piece depicts a flock of birds hanging in the air with a nesting collection of boxes that form a mathematical structure called an octree. (And don’t bother looking it up in TAMHD—it’s not even there.)

“We were also involved with AUX, a limited-edition CD of music from Athens,” says Saltz. This work has 18 audio tracks by artists from the Athens music scene. The hand-printed and assembled packing for each CD was done by graduate students in UGA’s Lamar Dodd School of Art.

ICE also sponsored the creation—birth, almost—of a poetry-spouting computer called Eli, which is—well, quoting from Eli’s own website makes more sense at this point: “E.L.I. [right] or the Electro-Linguistic Imaginator, is the first roaming poet of the Byte Generation. E.L.I. traverses human space recording diverse human experiences to translate into his chosen medium: randomly generated poetry. E.L.I.’s expanded understanding and expressive capability is dependent upon words and phrases that people introduce into his database. He travels about with the help of three human (they say) artists, Christian Crost, Ben Coolik and Todd Shalom, who share his vision and are eager to help him reach his creative goals. Please take some time to investigate E.L.I.’s adventures and generate some random poems from the vocabulary he has accumulated so far.”

So far, Eli has made it to New York City, Washington, D.C. and Miami, Fla. It even went on a road trip out West in 2003. Its web site is still active (www.elinomad.us), and Eli will write you a poem if you ask nicely. Here’s what Eli wrote expressly for this article:

The non-violence points on heinous fonts
junking generous
the bar is open
matter of factly switching delish

Saltz’s eyes light up when he speaks of projects like Eli and The Flocktree. After all, this is the man who helped create Virtual Vaudeville, an eye-popping computer recreation of a typical 19th century vaudeville show. A group of experts from UGA and across the country designed and constructed Virtual Vaudeville using a $900,000 grant from the National Science Foundation. The VV is an interactive web site that shows a complete vaudeville act from multiple perspectives, as well as audience reactions and the delightful theatre space itself. (Check it out at www.virtualvaudeville.com.)

One reason Saltz has been able to add the directorship of ICE to his plate is that it now has a salaried assistant director—Mark Callahan, an instructor in the Digital Media area of the Lamar Dodd School of Art. Callahan’s own work has evolved from a traditional printmaking background to experimental multimedia projects. He created a site-specific work for Video Culture: Three Decades of Video Art, a collaboration that joined the forces of 11 institutions in the metro Detroit area to examine video art and its impact on contemporary culture. His work has also been used in concert by R.E.M. in a large-scale video projection.

The first director of ICE was Carmon Colangelo, former head of the Lamar Dodd School of Art, who left for another university in 2006. Others besides Saltz and Callahan who have been deeply involved with ICE are Leonard Ball, an associate professor of music and director of the Roger and Phyllis Dancz Center for New Music in the Hugh Hodgson School of Music at UGA; Hugh Ruppersburg, professor of English and senior associate dean of the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences; Bala Sarasvati, associate professor of dance and former head of that department; Laleh Mehran, assistant professor of art; Jed Rasula, Helen S. Lanier Distinguished Professor of English and an adjunct professor of creative writing; George Contini, assistant professor of theatre and film studies; and JoE Silva, an Athens writer, musician and producer.

ICE has been supported by the Office of the Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs and the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences. It has also received in-kind support from the New Media Institute at UGA, the Honors Program, the departments of dance, theatre and film studies and English, as well as from the Lamar Dodd School of Art and the Hugh Hodgson School of Music.

Saltz himself is a specialist in modern drama, performance theory, the philosophy of art and directing. (He has directed plays all over the country, including winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, Anna in the Tropics, by Cuban-American author Nilo Cruz, at UGA in 2005.)

Saltz received his bachelor’s degree in theater studies and psychology from Yale University and his Ph.D. in drama from Stanford. He was on the faculty of William and Mary and the State University of New York at Stony Brook before coming to UGA as an assistant professor in 1997.

Defining the future for ICE may be about as hard as defining the word art, but Saltz is eager to try.

“I’m really committed to ICE because it’s the one place for the arts on campus that is truly interdisciplinary,” says Saltz. As with all such projects, an eternal search for funding sources continues, but the future looks bright. “The creation of an academic professional position for Mark Callahan as assistant director was a huge step for us.”

The pie-in-the-sky future for ICE, said Saltz, is that it might evolve into a certificate program at UGA.

So can anyone define UGA’s ICE easily? Maybe not, but it has already established itself as one of the most eagerly “out-there,” cutting edge locations for interdisciplinary art in the South.

That’s 16 words. But for David Saltz, it’s only a start.

ICE Windows: MySpace Project

Tanner Building ICE Windows installation by Euni Figi and Joshua Bienko featuring the MySpace Project
Spring 2007

After the buzz of the MySpace Project, the artists were invited by Ideas for Creative Exploration (ICE), to create a MySpace Project window installation in the historic Tanner Building, on the University of Georgia campus.  Each artist claimed one set of windows for the installation; Euni covered eighteen windowpanes with vellum printouts of the MySpace Project participants’ silhouettes.  Over two thousand five hundred silhouettes were carved out by hand.  Josh concealed the windows with collaged images of the MySpace Project participants in combination with inspiration from Joseph Beuys drawings.

The Flocktree

2005-2006 ICE Project Grant
Dr. Jason Cantarella
Associate Professor
Department of Mathematics

A sculptural installation that explores the idea of division and grouping using concepts from computer science.

University of Georgia mathematics professor Jason Cantarella and his brother, artist and scenic designer, Luke Hegel-Cantarella, have created a mathematical sculpture entitled The Flocktree in the courtyard of the 159 Oneta Street building. The sculpture is composed of a flock of birds hanging in the air within a nesting collection of boxes that form a mathematical structure called an octree. An octree is a way to group objects together based on their positions in space.

“It is a highly effective way of organizing objects in spaces, but it appears fascinatingly random when displayed,” said Cantarella. “This raises many interesting issues about the role of intention and randomness in the way nearby objects are grouped and related to each other, and the way the eye processes space and order given certain visual aids and cues.”

Cantarella is a research mathematician and associate professor of mathematics. His research interests are focused in geometry and computation, and he has a particular interest in the visualization of mathematics. His scholarly work includes 19 published articles, including papers in the American Journal of Mathematics, Geometry and Topology, and Inventiones Mathematicae.

Hegel-Cantarella works primarily as a theatrical stage designer. He has designed over 50 productions including work for the theater, opera and ballet. His paintings have been exhibited at the Around the Coyote Festival (Chicago) and the Union League Gallery (Chicago), which presented his series of paintings, the Potsdam Project.

The Flocktree is supported by an ICE Project Grant and by Floor Group, Athens, GA.

Peter Lunenfeld

Peter Lunenfeld Visiting Artist Lecture
Tuesday, November 14th at 5:30 PM
Room 101 of the Student Learning Center

The Mediawork Project: What Kinds of Texts, Images, and Interactions Do Visual Intellectuals
Need in a Networked Age?

This image rich and interactive presentation of the Mediawork Project from the MIT Press by Editorial Director Peter Lunenfeld addresses the emergence of visual intellectuals – people simultaneously making, pondering, and commenting on culture, but in a way that doesn’t always begin with words. We all understand that digital tools and information technology networks contribute to this trend. The question is how to develop strategies to make the dissemination of critical thinking and informed opinion both more seductive and more rigorous for geeks and technophobes alike, to matter to artists and designers on the one side and art historians and literary theorists on the other, and to resonate with MBAs who want to do good while they are doing well, and scientists who strive to engineer our way out of problems we have already created.

Peter Lunenfeld Discussion
Wednesday, November 15 at 10:30 AM
Room 129 of the Visual Arts Building

All are welcome to a follow-up discussion with Dr. Lunenfeld, hosted by with Mark Callahan, Assistant Director of ICE.

Peter is a critic and theorist of digital media. He is a professor in the graduate Media Design Program at Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California, director of the Institute for Technology and Aesthetics (ITA), and founder of mediawork: The Southern California New Media Group. His books include USER:InfoTechnoDemo, Snap to Grid, and The Digital Dialectic. He is the editorial director of the highly designed Mediawork pamphlet series for the MIT Press. These award-wining “theoretical fetish objects” cover the intersections of art, design, technology, and market culture.

http://www.peterlunenfeld.com